“Here is a bacterium that we know is sometimes harmful and that is clearly associated with cancer,” Solnick said. “But it’s not that simple.”

Solnick explains that up until the 20th century, when public health improved and antibiotic use was widespread, virtually everyone was infected with H. pylori. That remains the case today in most developing countries, implying that H. pylori may have evolved with its human host because it confers some selective benefit.

“These new findings suggest that one such benefit may that H. pylori provides protection against tuberculosis, and perhaps other infectious diseases as well,” he said.

Tuberculosis is second only to HIV as a cause of death due to a single infectious agent; an estimated one third of the world population has latent TB infection. But only 30 percent of people exposed to TB ever become infected, and only 10 percent of those infected will develop active tuberculosis disease.

“One explanation may be the presence of chronic infection of the stomach with H. pylori,” Solnick said. The findings also may eventually aid in managing TB, since H. pylori infection may help determine whether someone infected with TB gets a latent, asymptomatic infection or active disease.

The collaborative research effort began with the hypothesis that a person’s immune responses to individual infections are modified by the existence of other infections, said Sharon Perry, an epidemiologist at Stanford University, and the study’s lead author.

Early studies funded by the National Institutes of Health showed that a patient infected with H. pylori had elevated immune responses to TB antigens. Perry’s work expanded to test the hypothesis in patients from immigrant populations in Santa Clara County, then in households in Gambia and Pakistan, where TB is prevalent. In the two-year study, they found that individuals exposed to TB who then progressed to active disease were less likely to be infected with H. pylori than those who were not infected with H. pylori. Protection against tuberculosis may have been a result of enhanced immune responses to TB antigens in those infected with H. pylori, since H. pylori induces expression of interferon gamma and other cytokines, which are important for immunity against viral and bacterial infections.

At this point, Perry and Stanford University professor Julie Parsonnet wanted to test the theory in non-human primates. They enlisted Solnick at UC Davis, in conjunction with JoAnne Flynn of the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Immunology at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.

With a grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Solnick, Parsonnet, and Flynn looked at the role of H. pylori in 41 monkeys challenged with TB. Again, the findings were striking. Of the 30 monkeys that tested positive for H. pylori, only 5 developed active TB, but 6 of 11 monkeys that were negative for H. pylori developed active disease.

“The one-disease, one-pathogen paradigm doesn’t tell the whole story,” said Perry. “It is incomplete as an explanation of the clinical outcomes of chronic infection. In fact, the thousands of organisms that live with us play a role in shaping our immune response to specific infections.”

Solnick cites the “hygiene hypothesis” as one possible explanation. That theory suggests that a reduction in exposure to infectious diseases can make the immune system less able to fight other challenges. Conversely, exposure to certain pathogens may aid immune response to other infections.

The authors acknowledge the findings are preliminary and propose several follow-up studies. First, Solnick, Parsonnet and Flynn have proposed research to test whether experimental infection of H. pylori will protect monkeys from TB, and whether it will enhance the protective effect of immunization. If successful, they will test a recombinant H. pylori strain that expresses TB antigens for possible immunization against TB. These studies will be performed in collaboration with Ondek Ltd, founded by Barry Marshall, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2005 for the discovery of H. pylori.

There are tremendous career opportunities in health and bioscience-related fields available now and in the near future. For more information about the people and the careers, we are building a collection of career guides and interviews. Interviews will include people in a variety of career paths, and at diferent stages in their careers. Our In Their Own Words interviews are with Nobel Prize winners and others who are internationally recognized for their contributions in their respective fields.

* Career Guides
* In Their Own Words
* Career Exploration

Career Guides:
Clinical Laboratory Science

* Career Information

Biotechnology

* Introduction
* On Becoming a Scientist – teacher resources & student activities
* Job Descriptions Part 1 – Research & Development, Quality Control, Clinical Research
* Job Descriptions Part 2 – Manufacturing & Production, Regulatory Affairs, Information Systems, Administration
* Career Profiles: Interviews with people from a wide range of positions in biotech.

In Their Own Words:

* Roger N. Beachy, Ph.D. – Plant Biologist, Scripps Research Institute
* Barry Bloom, Ph.D – Medical Researcher/Immunologist, Howard Hughes Medical Institute
* David Golde, M.D. – Head, Division of Hematologic Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York City.
* Stephen Hall – science writer based in New York and author of Invisible Frontiers, a book describing the origins of biotechnology
* Neil Holtzman, M.D., M.P.H. – author of Proceed With Caution, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press
* Eric Lander, D. Phil. – Member, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research; and Associate Professor of Biology & Director, Center for Genome Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
* Leon Lederman, Ph.D. – Nobel laureate in physics and leading advocate for reform of science education
* Maxine Singer, Ph.D. – President of the Carnegie Institution in Washington and active researcher at the National Institutes of Health
* James Watson, Ph.D. – co-discoverer of the structure of DNA with Francis Crick.

Career Exploration

* LifeWorks – Explore health and medical science careers
LifeWorks TM is an interactive career exploration web site for middle and high school students. Users can browse for information on more than 100 medical science and health careers by title, education required, interest area, or median salary. The site complements its factual career data by highlighting true stories of successful people illustrating the variety of real-life career pathways, from the carefully planned to the unpredictable.

* The Fun Works … for careers you never knew existed
Designed for students ages 11-15 or in grades 6-9, this interactive site encourages students to explore ways to link what interests them to future careers. Created by Education Development Center with funding from the National Science Foundation

* Exploring Career Information – What Interests You?
The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Occupations on this site are categorized according to interests and hobbies common among students. To help students continue their career exploration, each occupational description on the kids’ site links to related information in the BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook.